the donner party party of 50 Essay Example For Students

the donner party: party of 50 Essay The greatness of Lady Chatterleys Lover lies in a paradox: it is simultaneously progressive and reactionary, modern and Victorian. It looks backwards towards a Victorian stylistic formality, and it seems to anticipate the social morality of the late 20th century in its frank engagement with explicit subject matter and profanity. One might say of the novel that it is formally and thematically conservative, but methodologically radical. The easiest of these assertions to prove is that Lady Chatterleys Lover is formally conservative. By this I mean that there are few evident differences between the form of Lady Chatterleys Lover and the form of the high-Victorian novels written fifty years earlier: in terms of structure; in terms of narrative voice; in terms of diction, with the exception of a very few profane words. It is important to remember that Lady Chatterleys Lover was written towards the end of the 1920s, a decade which had seen extensive literary experimentation. The 1920s opened with the publishing of the formally radical novel Ulysses, which set the stage for important technical innovations in literary art: it made extensive use of the stream-of-consciousness form; it condensed all of its action into a single 24-hour span; it employed any number of voices and narrative perspectives. Lady Chatterleys Lover acts in many ways as if the 1920s, and indeed the entire modernist literary movement, had never happen ed. The structure of the novel is conventional, tracing a small group of characters over an extended period of time in a single place. The rather preachy narrator usually speaks with the familiar third-person omniscience of the Victorian novel. And the characters tend towards flatness, towards representing a type, rather than speaking in their own voices and developing real three-dimensional personalities. We will write a custom essay on the donner party: party of 50 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But surely, if Lady Chatterleys Lover is formally conservative, it can hardly be called thematically conservative! After all, this is a novel that raised censorious hackles across the English-speaking world. It is a novel that liberally employs profanity, that more-or-less graphicallygraphically, that is, for the 1920s: it is important not to evaluate the novel by the standards of profanity and graphic sexuality that have become prevalent at the turn of the 21st centurydescribes sex and orgasm, and whose central message is the idea that sexual freedom and sensuality are far more important, more authentic and meaningful, than the intellectual life. So what can I mean by calling Lady Chatterleys Lover, a famously controversial novel, thematically conservative?Well, it is important to remember not only precisely what this novel seems to advocate, but also the purpose of that advocacy. Lady Chatterleys Lover is not propaganda for sexual license and free love. As D.H. Lawrence himself mad e clear in his essay A Propos of Lady Chatterleys Lover, he was no advocate of sex or profanity for their own sake. The reader should note that the ultimate goal of the novels protagonists, Mellors and Connie, is a quite conventional marriage, and a sex life in which it is clear that Mellors is the aggressor and the dominant partner, in which Connie plays the receptive part; all who would argue that Lady Chatterleys Lover is a radical novel would do well to remember the vilification that the novel heaps upon Mellors first wife, a sexually aggressive woman. Rather than mere sexual radicalism, this novels chief concernalthough it is also concerned, to a far greater extent than most modernist fiction, with the pitfalls of technology and the barriers of classis with what Lawrence understands to be the inability of the modern self to unite the mind and the body. D.H. Lawrence believed that without a realization of sex and the body, the mind wanders aimlessly in the wasteland of modern in dustrial technology. An important recognition in Lady Chatterleys Lover is the extent to which the modern relationship between men and women comes to resemble the relationship between men and machines. .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221 , .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221 .postImageUrl , .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221 , .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221:hover , .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221:visited , .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221:active { border:0!important; } .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221:active , .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221 .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub566552c7e152c0f2ecedfacfcd89221:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drug And Alcohol Use By Student Athletes EssayNot only do men and women require an appreciation of the sexual and sensual in order to relate to each other properly; they require it even to live happily in the world, as beings able to maintain human dignity and individuality in the dehumanizing atmosphere created by modern greed and the injustices of

Free Essays on New Deal

NEW DEAL In October 1929, Franklin D. Roosevelt was governor of New York when the Wall Street Crash created the worst depression in American history. He made desperate attempts to help those who were unemployed. Roosevelt also set up the New York State Emergency Relief Commission and appointed the respected Harry Hopkins to run the agency. Frances Perkins, who was a well-known person with a good record for helping the disadvantaged, was recruited to the team as state industrial commissioner. With the help of Hopkins and Perkins, Roosevelt introduced help for the unemployed and those too old to work. Roosevelt was seen as a role model with great success as governor of New York. Therefore, when the Election of 1932 came about, he was the obvious choice as the Democratic presidential candidate. Although Roosevelt was not specific about what he would do about the economic depression, he easily defeated his opponent, Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt's first act as president was to deal with the country's banking crisis. Since the beginning of the depression, one-fifth of all banks were forced to close. As a result, around fifteen percent of people's life-savings had been lost. By the beginning of 1933 the American people were beginning to lose faith in their banking systems and a large portion were withdrawing their money and keeping it at home. The day after taking office as president, Roosevelt ordered all banks to close. He then asked Congress to pass legislation. This would guarantee that savers would not lose their money if there were another financial crisis. On 9th March 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt called a special session of Congress. He told the members that unemployment could only be solved, "by direct recruiting by the Government itself." For the following three months, Roosevelt proposed a series of important bills that attempted to deal with the problem of unemployment. Congress passed these bills. The special session of Co... Free Essays on New Deal Free Essays on New Deal NEW DEAL In October 1929, Franklin D. Roosevelt was governor of New York when the Wall Street Crash created the worst depression in American history. He made desperate attempts to help those who were unemployed. Roosevelt also set up the New York State Emergency Relief Commission and appointed the respected Harry Hopkins to run the agency. Frances Perkins, who was a well-known person with a good record for helping the disadvantaged, was recruited to the team as state industrial commissioner. With the help of Hopkins and Perkins, Roosevelt introduced help for the unemployed and those too old to work. Roosevelt was seen as a role model with great success as governor of New York. Therefore, when the Election of 1932 came about, he was the obvious choice as the Democratic presidential candidate. Although Roosevelt was not specific about what he would do about the economic depression, he easily defeated his opponent, Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt's first act as president was to deal with the country's banking crisis. Since the beginning of the depression, one-fifth of all banks were forced to close. As a result, around fifteen percent of people's life-savings had been lost. By the beginning of 1933 the American people were beginning to lose faith in their banking systems and a large portion were withdrawing their money and keeping it at home. The day after taking office as president, Roosevelt ordered all banks to close. He then asked Congress to pass legislation. This would guarantee that savers would not lose their money if there were another financial crisis. On 9th March 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt called a special session of Congress. He told the members that unemployment could only be solved, "by direct recruiting by the Government itself." For the following three months, Roosevelt proposed a series of important bills that attempted to deal with the problem of unemployment. Congress passed these bills. The special session of Co... Free Essays on New Deal Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal was successful. The New Deal was used to refer to U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt's program to solve the economic problems created by the Great Depression of the 1930s. However, the New Deal didn’t end the depression, but it did relieve much economic hardships and gave Americans faith in the democratic system at a time when other nations hit by the depression turned to the dictators. The New Deal programs were admired by some people and rejected by other people. The reason to why it was successful was because of the many relief policies. These policies focused on three general goals: relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform. The New Deal programs had many distinct policies that helped people gain confidence in economy and in the government. Roosevelt’s first goal was to provide relief for the needy. One of the largest programs begun under the New Deal was Works Progress Administration (WPA). The WPA provided work for needy people on the public works projects. Additional New Deal policy that helped achieve this goal was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The CCC was founded in 1933 to provide jobs for single males on conservation projects. New Deal also assisted the farmers by creating the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA). This act aided farmers and regulated crop production. The AAA raised crop prices by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of their land uncultivated, hence lowering production. Another program to provide direct relief for the needy was the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). The FERA cooperated with the states in relieving hardships caused by unemployment. Besides providing help for the needy, Roosevelt also wanted to establish programs that would guide in recovering the economy. After Hoover was elected as the president of United States and was rejected by the country, Franklin D. Roosevelt knew that somehow he had to gain back ... Free Essays on New Deal The most active First Hundred Days was under president Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first term. In a desperate attempt to solving the woes of the American population, FDR and his Congress passed more bills than any other president-congressional combination as ever done in their first impression time period. FDR’s domestic policy, known more widely as the New Deal, was intended to be a group of innovative measures to counteract the effects of the Great Depression. Roosevelt and the U.S. Congress, trying to reduce unemployment, restore prosperity and return a sense of morale to American citizens, endorsed a wide variety of bills creating new federal programs and agencies. These agencies were known as alphabet agencies due to their titles that included many different letters (i.e., WPA, FERA, TVA). Although the New Deal was initiated to return prosperity to the American economy, in the long run, the New Deal was probably the worst policy ever started. Though providing quick relief to some areas of depression, the New Deal was overall a very socialist, perhaps even communist plan. Controlling prices, giving out jobs, commanding water flow, were just some of the many practices engaged in by the government tat went against capitalistic American point of views. Some agencies did do good, however. The New Deal’s dealing with the banks was performed very well. It returned trust in leaving money in the banks with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). This act insured investor’s deposits in banks tat were members of the FDIC. Also, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) which set guidelines for the stock market to prevent speculation like that that led to the Great Depression. Despite those agencies mentioned above, the other creations of the New Deal led to nothing but trouble in the long run. Agencies such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Works Progress Administration (WPA), and Public Works Act (PWA) creat...

How Many AP Classes Do You Need for Ivy League Schools

How Many AP Classes Do You Need for Ivy League Schools SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips At many high schools, AP courses are the toughest classes you can take. Extremely competitive colleges are looking for students who are willing to challenge themselves, so they're more likely to admit students who have taken at least a few APs. In this article, I'll go over how many AP classes Ivy League schools expect you to take and how these expectations can change based on the conditions at your high school. How Many AP Courses Do Ivy League Schools Expect Students to Take? There’s no concrete answer to this question because itdepends on how many APs your school offers and how many of them your classmates are taking.Ivy League schools want to admit the best students in the country while also maintaining diversity in their student bodies. They will only consider students who are performing at the top of their high school classes, but they also make an effort to admit applicants from a wide range of different environments and types of schools. You might only take two AP classes your senior year because those are the only ones available to you.In this case, you will compare favorably to other students at your high school since you’re making the most of your opportunities (and no one else will be taking more APs than you). A student at another high school who elects to take three AP classes senior year might not look as goodifother students at the same school are taking five. When admissions officers look at applicants from a certain secondary school, they may use the fact that one student took fewer AP classes than others in the group as an excuse to demote that student to the waitlist.This isn't always the case, though. If you take three AP classes in core subject areas, and someone else takes five but two of them were irrelevant to that student's interests, schools probably won't make much of a distinction between you.Top colleges are looking for students who have taken advantage of their opportunities, which means taking the most difficult courses available that fit with their interests. If you’re looking for a specific number of APs that you should take, it will depend on your school’s offerings, but a safe number for admission at Ivy League schools is usually between 7 and 12 AP classes throughout high school. It's best tospread out these classes over four years with the majority of them clustered in your junior and senior years.Freshman year you might take one or two AP classes if they’re available.Sophomore year you can ramp it up to two or three.Junior year, if you’re hoping to attend an Ivy League school, you should consider taking three to five AP classes in core subject areas. Avoid overloading yourself too much during your senior year because you’ll be applying to college. Still, many students who apply to Ivy League schools take five or six AP courses senior year. It's up to you todecide how much you can handle without feeling overwhelmed or dropping the ball in any of your classes. Why? Why did I do this to myself? The binders. So many binders. (Don't let this be you.) Here are some quotes from Ivy League admissions websites to give you a better sense of what these schools are looking for: Princeton Says... â€Å"We consider it a promising sign when students challenge themselves with advanced courses in high school. We understand that not all secondary schools offer the same range of advanced courses, but our strongest candidates have taken full advantage of the academic opportunities available to them in their high schools.† â€Å"Whenever you can, challenge yourself with the most rigorous courses possible, such as honors, Advanced Placement (AP) and dual-enrollment courses.† Columbia Says... â€Å"We look at a variety of factors to help us inform our decision on a candidate including: The student’s curriculum and grades - we hope to see that a student is challenging herself or himself with a rigorous course load. The context of a particular candidate, including family circumstances, secondary school, community, interests and access to resources.† Brown Says... â€Å"To assess preparedness, we review the depth and breadth of the academic learning you have undertaken thus far. We want to know whether you have taken advantage of the courses available to you in your school, and whether you have challenged yourself in advanced classes, and whether you have stretched yourself with outside-of-school educational opportunities.† â€Å"We know that curricular offerings vary from school to school. Our strongest candidates have taken full advantage of what is available to them in their own schools.† The gist of these statements is that you need to challenge yourself as much as possible in the context of the opportunities your high school provides for you. With that in mind, don't just take any and all AP courses that your school offers.Think critically about which courses are most relevant to your interests and goals. Also, make sure you’re not sabotaging your GPA by taking more classes than you can handle. I’ll gointo more detail on this in the next section. Brown University: Once you get in, you can take whatever classes you want! Are Some AP Courses Better Than Others in the Eyes of Ivy League Schools? Don't take an additional AP class on top of your regular course load if the subject doesn't interest you. Iwould advise you to take AP courses primarily in core subject areas to avoid stretching yourself too thin. Taking AP classes just for the sake of adding another AP to your course record may be damaging to your GPA as a whole. It also won't add much to your college application.Ivy League schools want you to take the most challenging classes in math, science, social studies, English, and foreign language.If you take all APs in those subject areas but skip AP Music Theory, admissions committees won’t fault you for it. Some people mistakenly believe that you should take as many AP classes as possible at all costs. You should take full advantage of your opportunities in areas thatinterest you, but you shouldn’t devote time and energy to classes that are unrelated to your goals and academic interests.Colleges want to see students who prioritize worthwhile learning experiences over hollow achievements. They're also looking for students with very high GPAs. Stay balanced: You don’t want to overload your schedule with too many hard classes and end up with lower grades overall. The eyes of the Eye-vy League are watching youuuuu. What If Your High School Doesn’t Have AP Courses? Some students worry about their chances at top colleges because their school doesn’t offer AP classes.In this situation, just take the hardest classes that are available to you.You shouldn't be concerned about the lack of APs. Colleges will understand that you didn’t have the opportunity to take them, and they can’t fault you for that. Your school may offer IB courses instead, which colleges view as being essentially equal to AP courses.As I’ve said before, Ivy League schools will compare you to other students from your high school to see how you measure up.If you’re pushing yourself as much as you can within the academic constraints of your environment, you'll still have a good chance of being accepted. A student who doesn’t have access to APs but takes high level classes throughout high school and is ranked in the top five percent of his or her class will have a better chance of attending an Ivy League school than a student who takes a few AP classes here and there and has a less impressive class ranking. If your school doesn't have APs, it's ok. Shhhh. Listen to this rock. Conclusion Ivy League schools and other competitive colleges are looking for students at the top of their high school classes who have taken the most rigorous courses.These often include AP classes. Most students who attend extremely selective schools have taken anywhere from 7 to 12 AP courses in high school, although there are exceptions to this rule.If a high school offers only a limited number of AP courses or none at all, colleges will not fault students for taking fewer of these classes.Above all, they want to see students who have challenged themselves as much as possible within the constraints of their high school curriculum. The bottom line is, if you want to attend one of the most competitive schools in the country, you should strive to take as many difficult courses as possible without overwhelming yourself and sabotaging your GPA.For some students this means taking all three of the AP classes their school offers, and for others it means choosing to take twelve AP classes out of the twenty their school offers.As long as you do the best you can to challenge yourself academically, there’s no absolute number of AP classes you need to take to be admitted to a top college. What's Next? Still trying to figure out how to structure your schedule? Learn what a rigorous course load in high school should look like. If you're hoping to be admitted to competitive colleges, it's helpful to join an honors society. Find out more about honors classes and societies that you can be a part of in high school. Your GPA is critical in the college admissions process. Read this article for more information on whether colleges consider weighted or unweighted GPAs and how this might affect you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Phase 4 Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Phase 4 Discussion Board - Essay Example Yes, I would switch to the Visa Student Card. This is because the interest charged using the Visa Student Card of $270 is lower compared to the interest charged using my existing credit card of $412.50. Most important, I would switch to any credit card that offers lower interest rate on my purchases after six months taking in account that the credit cards offers an interest rate of 0% on all purchases and balance transfers for six months. In case of Open-End Credit, a borrower can continue to borrow (purchase) and pay in various amounts. In case of Closed-End Credit, the lender tells the borrower how much they can borrow and a fee schedule is set up, which the borrower pays until the debt is paid off. In general, Open-End Credit is for small purchases and Closed-End Credit is for bigger purchase. Credit card purchases are an example of Open-End Credit and a Car loan taken is an example of Closed-End Credit. Many large appliance stores offer simple interest loans to their customers. For example, suppose a customer is interested in purchasing a $1,400.00 refrigerator at Myer Appliances. The customer is unable to pay the total amount at the time of purchase, so Myer’s lets the customer make a down payment of $140 and then 12 monthly payments of $120.75.   Suppose that you are unable to pay the total amount for your appliance at the time of purchase, so you take out a simple interest loan. The store will let you make a 10% down payment and then make 12 equal monthly payments for the remaining balance at a simple interest rate of

Strategic Planning & Decision Making (SWOT Analysis) PART TWO Assignment

Strategic Planning & Decision Making (SWOT Analysis) PART TWO - Assignment Example The company mission statement; to save people’s money as a way of uplifting their lives has shaped the company policies. This is because the company has focused on cost reduction in order to ensure price leadership (Kneer 2009). The company targets the medium income earners with an average annual income of $35000. The company has also focused on implementing new technology as a way of keeping it ahead of its competitors and ensuing that it delivers quality products and services to its consumers. One of the main strengths that Wal-Mart has is that they are able to offer a wide array of goods in one store. Moreover, because of its large scale of economies, the company is able to offer competitive prices which are highly discounted with make them offer the best prices. This makes the company stand out because its rivals may not have the advantage since they may not have the advantage of getting huge discounts from supplier that comes with buying goods in bulk. These discounts are then passed down to the consumers (Kurtz, 2013). The consumers can thus buy different good within a single store at low prices which is quite convenient. Another strength that makes the company outstanding is the fact that the company sells goods with their own brands together with good from other major brands. This makes it possible for the company to reach out to a wider market as it supplies different segment of the market. This is in contrast with her competitors who may focus on selling products form a single brand. The consumers thus have a wide range of substitute products to pick from which is convenient. A major weakness facing this company is that since it is focused on offering goods at low prices, its clients may sometimes question the quality of these products. This is because high prices are often associated with high quality. The company could overcome this problem by consistently ensuring that all

Avoiding the Retirement Bust Essay -- Expository Classification Essays

Avoiding the Retirement Bust    A recent Gallup poll indicates that nearly 75 percent of 30-to-49 year olds worry about not having enough money to live a comfortable retirement. In addition, 60 percent of those polled say they don't earn enough money to save for retirement. What do these recent polls suggest about many of the baby boomers' financial concerns? Fortunately, for those individuals who are inclined to take charge of their own destinies, several types of tax-deferred retirement savings exist. The government introduces these various retirement savings options to meet the specific needs of three distinct groups of income earners: the self-employed, employees of businesses offering retirement savings incentive plans and just about anyone else who has earned income and is interested in saving for the future.    The first type of option is known as either a Keogh or a Simplified Employee Pension (SEP) plan. These retirement savings plans were created for individuals who either have self-employment income or are partners in their own business. In bo...

What Were the Problems Facing a Newly Independent India After the Partition of 1947

August, 14, 1947 and August, 15, 1947 the Indian partition of 1947 was created and it granted Indian its freedom from its 350 year of British ruling. After India’s freedom was granted it was divided into two states which were Dominion of Pakistan later known as Islamic republic of Pakistan and Union of India later known as Republic of India. Right after the partition of 1947, it declared that it was leader or King of the state to decide if the state should follow the Muslim or a Hindu religion. This Policy separated the people of India and Pakistan, and caused a lot of hatred between both sides.This policy also cause huge problems because some states would have a huge population of Hindus, and the king would be Muslim which made Hindus follow the beliefs and religious acts of the Muslims. Since this policy was cause of the partition of 1947 it made Muslims in India to migrate to Pakistan, and Hindu’s in Pakistan migrate to India, in between this transition or migration, there were many riots, looting, and rapes which left both countries in devastation and a breakdown of the civil government.The breakdown of the civil government, made it impossible for an army to restore order preventing any crimes such as murders or arson by locals. The newly formed governments were completely unequipped to deal with migrations of such staggering magnitude, and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the border. Estimates of the number of deaths range around roughly 500,000, with low estimates at 200,000 and high estimates at 1,000,000. If there were an army to restore order there would be less people killed during this tragic event.Hindu Sindhis would have remained in Sindh following the Partition, if wasn’t for the violence that erupted, when massive amounts of Urdu speaking Muslims started pouring into Sindh. They began attacking the Hindu population. Before the announcement of the Partition, there were 1,400,000 Hindu Sindhis in their a ncestral land Sindh. However, in a space of less than a year approximately 1,200,000 Hindus Sindhis fled their homes, most of them leaving with little more than the clothes on their bodies.The province of Bengal was divided into the two separate entities of West Bengal which went to India, and East Bengal which went to Pakistan. East Bengal later was renamed to East Pakistan, and later became the independent nation of Bangladesh after the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 also known as the indo-Pakistan war of 1971. Kashmir was created in 1846 after its victory in the first Angelo-Sikh war. Kashmir was a princely state in the British Empire in India. The princely state lasted until 1948.After the Indian partition of 1947 was pass it gave princely states of India a choice to move to India or Pakistan or stay independent. The ruler of Kashmir wanted to remain independent which led to a war which is known as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 which was fought between Pakistan and Indian ov er the region of Kashmir. The war lasted a year and it was first war between the two newly independent nations. Early November 1947, India attack successfully broke through enemy defenses.Even though the attack was such an early success the Indian army suffered a setback in December of that year because of logistical problems. These problems gave the forces of Azad Kashmir to take the initiative and force the Indian troops to retreat from the Border States which the war was taken place. Azad Kashmir was also known as free Kashmir because it was part of Kashmir that was under control by Pakistanis. By spring of 1948, the Indian had another offensive to retake some of the ground that it had lost.Fearing that the war might move into Pakistan property, the Pakistani army became more actively involved. As the problem escalated more and more, the Indian leadership was quick to realize that the war could not be brought to an end unless Pakistan stops aiding the Azad Kashmir forces. The Ind ian government sought United Nations mediation of the conflict on December 31, 1947. There was some opposition to this move within the cabinet by those who did not agree with referring the Kashmir dispute to the United Nations.The United Nations mediation process brought the war to an end on January 1. The mediation force Pakistan to retreat its forces, while letting India to maintain some strength of its forces in the state to preserve some law and order. It gave Pakistan two-fifths of Kashmir and India maintaining the remind three fifths of Kashmir which included the most populous and fertile regions. This war caused 1500 soldiers died on each side. On August 5, 1965 the second Indo-Pakistani war took place. The conflict was also over Kashmir, it also started without a formal declaration of war.The war was started by Pakistan, Pakistan also though it was great timing to start this war with India because they assumed that India’s military would be unable to defend against a quick military campaign in Kashmir. The first major battle in this war between Pakistan and India took place on August 15, when Indian forces scored a major victory after a prolonged artillery barrage and took over three important mountains positions in the northern sector. A month later, Pakistan counter attacked, which moved the war near Tithwal, Uri, and Punch.This attack provoked India to thrust into Azad Kashmir. India also had other forces gain position on other mountains and eventually took over Haji Pir Pass which was eight kilometers into Pakistan territory. India’s claiming Haji Pir Pass, made Pakistani move all forces to the southern sector in Punjab, to catch Indian forces of guard which was a success and India suffered a heavy loss. On September 20th the UN passed a resolution which called for a cease fire which ended the war on September 23. India lost 3,000 and Pakistani lost 3,800 during this war.Both sides signed a declaration on January 10, 1966 which requir ed both sides to move all positions that was held during the war. The declaration also reached an agreement on the new cease fire line on June 30, 1965. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a nine month long conflict between the people of then East Pakistan and the military rulers of Pakistan, which ended in two week long armed conflict between Mukti Bahini aided by India against Pakistan in December of 1971. India intervened on behalf of East Pakistan, later Bangladesh, in its civil war with West Pakistan.The war began as the Pakistani Civil War . A conflict between the traditionally dominant West Pakistanis and the East Pakistanis whose Awami League party had won the most seats in the 1970 Pakistani election and who claimed the right to form the government. The largely West Pakistani military was called in by President Yahya Khan. After several days of rioting on the morning of March 25 the citizens of Dhaka woke to discover the city shut down by the military. Mass arrests of dissid ents began, and attempts were made to disarm the East Pakistani members of the armed forces.The Awami League was banned and its members began to flee into exile in India. As the month progressed the situation developed into a full scale civil war. The West Pakistani army began killing thousands and the East Pakistanis armed themselves forming Mukti Bahini guerilla group. Ziaur Rahman, a major in the Pakistani army formed a government in exile in India and proclaimed an independent Bangladesh. The East Pakistan Rifles, an elite paramilitary force defected and joined the rebellion. On December 3 the Pakistani air force launched sorties on eight airfields in northern India.It was based on the Arab- Israeli six day war and the success of the Israeli preemptive strike. The Indians had anticipated such a move and the raid was a resounding failure. The next day the Indian forces responded with a coordinated and massive air, sea, and land assault on East Pakistan. Against the West the India military mounted smaller probing attacks designed to pin down Pakistani forces. In the East a five pronged land assault quickly routed the Pakistani forces. The Indians repeatedly broke through Pakistani defenses and outflanked and outfought the Pakistani defenders.On December 16 the Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrendered. The next day Indira Gandhi announced a unilateral cease fire, to which Pakistan agreed. In conclusion I think the aftermath partition of 1947 was horrible and led to many wars. As you can see three different wars took place and two of the war’s conflicts were almost the same. I felt all these problems should have been handled a little differently meaning without the wars because it led to many deaths. But in the end of the wars it reached to an agreement and most of the agreements were successful.